Dhammapada 11

Yamaka Vagga

Grammar

¹asāre: (a) lit., in  what is not an essence (asāra); (b) according to the Commentary, (in) wrong view (asāra), i.e., untruth (Tin, 1993:5).
²sāramatino: (a) the plural form of the masculine noun saramatī ‘one who imagines finding the essence, which is also an adjective which means  imagining finding the essence;’ (b) Geiger & Norman, 2005, § 83, p.76.5) write that sāramatino is  a result of the mixing-up of –in and –ī inflections  which has also led in the case of the –ī stems to the construction of forms according to the in declension.
Thus, aggino Saddh 585; dummatino Mhv 4.3 (with the analogous form mittadduno); sāramatino Dh.11; vajjamatino Dhp318 ….;
(c) Geiger & Norman (idem, § 95, pp. 87-88) further write:
The declension of substantives and adjectives ending in -in: Stem: hatthin ‘elephant’
(the sequence of cases has been reversed by the present author)

                                      Singular plural       

Singular                                                    Plural

Nom.   hatthī, hatthi                                  hatthī, hatthino

Gen.    hatthissa, hatthino                         hatthinaṁ

Dat.     hatthissa, hatthino                          hatthīnaṁ

Acc.     hatthiṁ, hatthinaṁ                         hatthī, hatthino

Ins.      hatthinā                                          hatthīhi

Abl.      hatthinā, hatthismā, hattimhā        hatthīhi

Loc.     hatthinī, hatthismiṁ, hatthimhi      hatthīsu

Voc.     hatthī                                            hatthī, hatthino 

(d)Duroiselle (1997:45, No.173) writes that there are some masculine nouns whose nominative singular ends in -ī. As a general rule, the masculine nouns of this class are adjectives used substantively; they properly belong to the consonantal declension, and their stems end in -in.

The plural nominative forms of these nouns take the suffix -no, as the those of dandī ‘merchant.’

singular                                                                       plural

sāramatī (stem in) ‘(one) imagining truth’             sāramatino ‘(those) imagining truth’ (11)

asāradassī or āsāradassin ‘(one) not seeing truth’  asāradassino ‘(those) not seeing truth’ (11; cāsāradassino = ca + asāradassino ‘and/but those not seeing truth)

Declension of sāramatī following Duroiselle (idem., p.33, No.136):

Singular                                                    Plural
Nom.   sāramatī                                        sāramatī, sāramatino
Gen.    sāramatissa, sāramatino               sāramatinaṁ
Dat.     sāramatissa, sāramatino               sāramatinaṁ
Acc.     sāramatiṁ, sāramatinaṁ               sāramatī, sāramatino
Ins.      sāramatinā                                     sāramatīhi, sāramatībhi
Abl.      sāramatinā, sāramatismā              sāramatīhi, sāramatībhi
Loc.     sāramatismiṁ, sāramatimhi           sāramatīsu
Voc.     sāramatī                                         sāramatī, sāramatino

³sāre: (a) lit., in the essence; according to the Commentary, (in the) right view, i.e.,(in) truth (Tin, idem.); (b) the locative case of sāra ‘essence, right view, truth.’ See the declension table below.
The declension of sāra, a neuter noun, following Duroiselle (1915/1997:28, No.124)

singular                                                    plural
Nom.  sāraṁ                                 sārāni,^{(a) & (b)} sārā
Gen.   sārassa                              sārānaṁ
Dat.    sārassa, sārāya*                sārānaṁ
Acc.    sāraṁ                                 sārāni, sāre
Ins.     sārena**                             sārehi, sārebhi
Abl.    sārā                                    sārehi,  sārebhi
          sārasmā***
          sāramhā,*** sārato
Loc.     sāre, sārasmiṁ***            sāresu
           sāramhi***
Voc.     sāra(-aṁ***)                     sārāni, sārā

Remarks:
(a) ni is essentially the distinctive sign of neuter nouns in the nom. acc., and voc. plur. in all declensions.
(b) The final vowel of the stem is lengthened before ni.

*sārāya: (1) Perniola (1997:325, No. 259) writes that in Pali only the thematic stems have a true dative case in -āya…. For the rest, Pali uses the genitive and it is under the genitive that are classified the examples which in other languages are considered as datives; (2) Muller, Edward (1884:67) writes that the old dative in -āya is only used to denote the intention, and is almost synonimous with an infinitive; only few instances occur where the dative has a terminating meaning as Dhp. v. 174, saggāya gacchati ‘goes to heaven,” and Dhp. v.311, nirayāya upkaddhati ‘brings to hell’….
(3) Duroiselle (ibid, p.26, No.122) writes that:
(a) The true Dat. sing. in āya has now generally been displaced by the suffix of the gen. ssa; the Dat. āya is almost equal to an lnfinitive and mostly denotes intention.
(c) so is sometimes used also as an Abl. sing. suffix: vaggaso, by groups, bhāgaso, by share.
(d) sā is also found as an Ins. sing. suffix, as: balasā, by force, forcibly, talasā, with the sole of the foot.
(e)Before ehi, ebhi, Ins. and Abl. plur. and e, Acc. plur. , the final a of the stem is dropped: dukkha + ehi = dukkh + ehi = dukkehi
(f)Before su, the Loc. plur., the final a of the stem is changed to e: dukkhesu.

**sārena: (a) by, with, because of truth, essence;’ (b) formed from sāra + -nā, with the elision of the final in sāra and the change of -nā to e  (Kaccayana, idem, p. .., Thitzana trsl) ???

© Following Duroiselle (ibid, p. 8, No.21, & pp. 26-27, Nos. 120123), however, sārena would be derived from sāra + -ina in which the final a in sāra and the initial i in -ina combine to produce e.

Other examples of neuter nouns (Duroiselle, 1915/1997:28, No. 124):
citta, mind                                  sota, ear
mūla, root, price                  veḷuriya, coral
upaṭṭhāna, service                  ahata, cloth (new)
jala, water                              osāna, end
loṇa, salt                                  savana, hearing
vajira, diamond                     sāṭaka, garment
vāta, wind                                  pesana, despatch, sending
yotta, rope                               paṭṭana, a seaport
yuddha, fight                           paṇṇa, leaf

Remarks:
(vii) It will be noticed that neuter nouns in a differ from the masculine in a, in the nom. and in the nom., acc. and voc. plur.; all the other cases are identical.

(b) In the plur. the nom. acc. and voc. have the same form.

(viii) The form in āni, of the , acc. and voc. plur. is the most common.

***-smā and -mhā, and -smiṁ and -mhi:  (a) Mūller, Edward (1884:67-68) writes that in the ablative, the terminations -smā and -mhā, and in the locative, -smim and -mhi, are taken from the pronominal inflection. Besides, we have two other terminations for the ablative, to = skt. tas, and so = ças, which occur mostly in later texts, but also in a few instances in the Jataka and Dhp.v.320: cāpāto ‘from the bow’ ….; (b) Duroiselle (idem., pp. 26-27, No.122) writes that smā and mhā of the Abl. and smiṁ and mhi of the Loc. have been borrowed from the pronominal declension (see Declension of Pronouns); (c) The suffixes -asmā, -amhā, -ebhi, asmiṁ, and -amhi, and the singular vocative sāraṁ are alternate forms which are less common, or generally found in later or commentarial texts rather than in canonical texts (Gair & Karunatillake, 1998/2014:5).

⁴(i) This parses as ca + asāra + dassino; it is not clear to me why ca is found here, as it is not needed by the grammar, the meaning or the metre (Ānandajoti, www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net); (ii) cāsāradassino is ambiguous as it can be comprised of ca + either ᾱsara+dassino ‘seeing superficiality’ or a- + sᾱradassino ‘not seeing substance’ (Tjan)

⁵sāram: (i) essence, as in Dhammasāra ‘essence of the Dhamma (Davids & Stede 1923:175); (ii)Truth- According to the Commentary, essence of the Dhamma. The essence of the Dhamma comprises sīla (moral precepts or morality), samādhi (concentation), pañña (knowledge), vimutti (liberation), vimutti-ñaṇadassana (Knowledge of Insight into liberation), paramattha (ultimate truth), and Nibbāna (Tin, 2003:5).

⁶nādhigacchanti: (a) (3^rd. pers. pl. act. pres. indic.) do not acquire, do not attain, do not get to, do not come into possession of, (fig.) do not understand; (b) derived from na ‘no, not’ + adhigacchanti (3^rd pl. act. pres. indic.) acquire, attain, get to, come into possession of, (fig.) understand; (c) adhigacchanti: derived from adhi-* (verbal pf.) ‘over, above, on, upon, at, to, in, superior to, great, towards’ + √gachha** ‘to go’ + -nti (a verbal suffix to indicate 3^rd. pl. act. pres.indic.)

*(a) Other examples of the usage of the prefix adhi-: adhi- + √vas ‘to live = adhivas ‘to live in, to inhabit;’  adhi- + √bhās ‘to speak = ‘adhibhās’ to speak to, to address; (b) the prefix adhi becomes ajjh before a vowel (Duroiselle, 1915/1997:119, No. 516): adhi-+ agaṁ ‘to go’ = ajjhagaṁ ‘ (I) approach;’ © agaṁ is an example of the radical aorist.

Duroiselle (idem., p.94, Nos. 409-410) writes that this aorist is not very common. We will give a few examples. Let it be first remarked that the aorist may also take the augment a before it, as the does the imperfect.

4.10 from √gam, and √ga and √gu (subsidiary forms of √gam) ‘to go,’ we have:

(a)        Sing.                                      Plur.

1. agaṁ, agamā, agamiṁ                  agumha
2. agā, agamā                                 aguttha
3. agā, agami                              aguṁ, agamixsu

(b) √as, to be (with augment a):

            Sing.       Plur.

1.      āsiṁ          āsimha
2.      āsi            āsittha
3.      āsi           āsuṁ, āsiṁsu

4.11 √ṭhā

            Sing.       Plur.

1.       aṭṭhaṁ   aṭṭhamha
2.       aṭṭho    aṭṭhattha

3.       aṭṭha     aṭṭhaṁsu, aṭṭhuṁ

Remarks: For the doubling of initial ṭh, see 33.

4.12 From √kar we find: akaṁ (1st singular), no doubt formed on the analogy of: akā (1st, 2nd and 3rd singular); akā being itself from the Vedic form: akar, the loss of the r is compensated by the lengthening of the final a.

In the 1st singular, we also have: akaraṁ, akariṁ.
In the plural:    2. akattha;       3. akaruṁ, akarū, akariṁsu

4.13 √hū (a form of √bhū) to be.
3rd singular: ahū, ahu, and before a vowel, ahud. 1st plural: ahumhā; 3rd plural: ahuṁ.

4.14 √da

1st singular: adā, which is also 2nd and 3rd singular. In the plural we find: 3rd aduṁ, adaṁsu, adāsuṁ.

4.15 The augment a is not inseparable from the Aorist, so that we meet with such forms as: gā=agā, etc.

**√gachha belongs to the irregular bases of the seventh conjugation, as written by Duroiselle (idem, p.93, No. 404):
404. The roots of the seventh conjugation, as has been remarked above (379), have two bases: one in e and one in aya, which are conjugated exactly like the roots of the third class of the first conjugation (see 393).

Irregular Bases

Some roots form their special bases according to none of the above given rules, and they are in consequence called Irregular.
The principal forms are here given:

Roots                                            Special bases

√gam, to go                           gaccha

√yam, to restrain                   yaccha

√guh, to hide                         gūhe

√dhā, to hold                         daha, dhe (391)

√dā, to give                           dajja

√jā, jan, to be born                 jāya

√pā, to drink                           piva

√ḍaṁs, to bite                        ḍasa

√dhmā, to blow                      dhama

√vyadh (=vadh)                      vadha

√sad, to sit                             sīda

√ṭhā, to stand                         tiṭṭhā

√is, to wish                             iccha

√vad, to speak, say                vajja, vajje, vada, vāde

√mar, to die                             miya, miyya, mara

√gah to take, seize                 gheppa*

√gam, to go                             ghamma, gaggha*

√jir, to grow old, decay            jiya, jiyya

√dis, das to see                       dakkha, daccha*

*These forms are given by the Saddanīti and the Akhyatapadamālā. They are regularly conjugated like gaccha: ghammāmi, ghammasi ghammati, etc.; ghagghami, ghagghasi ghagghati, etc.; ghammeyya, gagghe, gaggheyya, etc. The bases dakkha and daccha from √da, dis are formed on the false analogy of the future base, which we shall see when treating of the future. Most of the changes noticed above correspond to similar changes which occur in the 1st, 4th and 6th Conjugations of Sanskrit verbs.

⁷micchāsaṅkappagocarā: (a)(1) (pl. 3^rd. pers. nom.) holding wrong thoughts, fig. having wrong thought as a sphere or pasture; (2) the fig. meaning is derived from the analogy of the construction (i) X-pakata ‘done or made out of X, (ii) X-ja ‘be born of X, (iii) X-nidāna ‘having X as the source of origin,’ (iv) X-vipāka ‘having X as result or fruit,’ (v) X-samudaya ‘having X as the origin, or arising from X, or the origin of X’ (Gair & Karunatillake, 2014:28), but (vi) X-gamin (fem. gaminī) ‘leading to X, going to X,’ (vii) x-jāta ‘having become X’ (idem, p.160), (viii) X-deva ‘having X as god, highly respecting X’ (idem., p.161); (ix) (Davids & Stede (1924:32, Part III) kamāvacara ‘having its province in kāma’

(b) euphonic union, or sandhi, of micchā (3rd. pers. pl. adjective) ‘wrong, erroneous’ + saṅkappa (masc.) ‘thought’ + gocarā ‘(those who are) wandering, roaming, (those cows which are) grazing;’ © gocarā is derived from go (masc.) ‘cow” + carā (pl. adj. and agent noun or doer*) ‘(those who are) walking, wandering, roaming, (lit. those cows which are) grazing’ (action noun) ‘destination, or place, of wandering or roaming or walking, pasture, grazing field, a cow’s grazing,;’ (d) gocarā is 3^rd. pl. nom. and adj. of gocara (3^rd person. sg. nom. and adj.) ‘(one who is) walking, roaming, wandering, (lit. that cow which is) grazing, roaming.

*Duroiselle (1915/1997:141-142, Nos.576-578) writes:
(i)         Primary Derivatives (kita)

575. As has been said already Primary Derivatives are formed directly from the roots by means of certain suffixes; these suffixes are called kita suffixes.
576. The kita suffixes are given below in alphabetical order to facilitate reference.
a- (a) (ṇ) (a). By means of this suffix are formed an extremely large number of derivatives, some of which take guṇa and some of which do not. It forms nouns, (substantive and adjective) showing:
1st-action: √pac, to cook+a=pāka, the act of cooking; √caj, to forsake+a=cāga, forsaking, abandonment; √bhaj, to divide+a=bhāga, dividing; √kam, to love+a=kāma, love.
2nd- the doer or agent: √car, to roam+a=cāra and cara, a spy; √har, to take, captivate,+a=hara, the Captivator, a name of Shiva; √kar, to do, make+a=kara, that which does, the hand; also kāra, a doer, maker.
3rd- abstract nouns of action: √kar+a=kara, action, making; √kam to step, proceed+a=kama, step, succession, order; √kamp, to shake+a=kampa, shaking, trembling; √yuj, to join+a=yoga, joining.
4th- It forms adjectives: √kar+a=kāra, doing, making, also kara, causing, making; √car, to walk, roam, cāra, walking, roaming, and also cara, do; √plu, to swim, float+a=plava, swimming, floating.
The student will readily understand that the root may be preceded by any prefix: saṁ+√gam+a=saṅgāma, assembly; pa+√vis, to enter+a=pavesa, entrance; anu+√sar to go, move, walk+a=anusara, following. The same remark applies to all the other suffixes.
577. From the adjectives formed by this suffix (4th), are formed the upapada compounds (552): kammakāro=kammaṁ kāro (kammaṁ karotī’ ti), the doer of the act; kumbhakāro=khumbhaṁ kāro (kumbhaṁ karotī’ti), the maker of the pot, potter.
578. Very similar in nature with the upapada compounds are those compounds which are the names of persons. In our opinion they are purely and simply upapadas, but Kacchāyana has the following rule: “saññāyaṁ a nu” that is, to form a proper name, suffix nu (=ṁ=Accus. case) is added to the 1st member of the compound, which is the direct object of the root which forms the 2nd member and after which the suffix a is added to denote the agent: arindama, the subduer of his enemies=ari, enemy+ṁ (nu)+√dam, to subdue+a. So vessantara, who has crossed over to the merchants, (vessa+ṁ (nu)+√tar, to cross+a); taṇhaṅkara, creating desire=tanhā, desire+ṁ (nu)+kar+a. The name of a Buddha.
It will be seen from the above examples that the 1st member is in the Acc. case and is governed by the 2nd member which is an agent-noun formed by the suffix a.
Remarks: The nouns formed by a are masculine: they form the feminine according to rules (183), and the same applies to the adjectives (197).